| Main Ref. | Craig, P.C., W.B. Griffiths, L. Haldorson and H. McElderry, 1982 | ||||
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| Distribution |
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| Remarks | Occurs in coastal habitats during summer and winter (Ref. 1371). In the Beaufort Sea, it may also be found in brackish lagoons and in almost fresh water in river mouths (Ref. 1371). Although associated with the occurrence of ice (White Sea), it is present in ice-free near-shore waters (Alaska) (Ref. 1371). Onshore-offshore movements are associated with spawning and movements of the ice (Ref. 27547). Feeds mostly on epibenthic mysids, also amphipods, copepods and fishes (Ref. 1371). Preyed upon by marine mammals, seabirds (murres and black guillemots), fishes (Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, Atlantic cod, Greenland halibut and Greenland cod), harp seals, bearded seals, ringed seals, white whales and narwhals. Parasites of the species include Clavella adunca, Haemobaphes cyclopterina and Sphyrion lumpi (copepods) (Ref. 5951). Also caught with mid-water trawls (Ref. 1371). |
| Substrate | |
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| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
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| Associations | schooling; shoaling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Quantitative studies on important energy stores in the Arctic food web in schools of this arctic cod; nonschooling fish were also examined (Ref. 94896). Spawning in October-March (usually January-February) where fish move close inshore, often in tremendous numbers; may enter rivers and spawning in freshwater recorded in Siberia. Apparently undertake onshore-offshore migrations associated partly with spawning and partly with movement of ice, showing strong preference for low temperatures (Ref. 27547). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Feeding type ref | Craig, P.C., W.B. Griffiths, L. Haldorson and H. McElderry, 1982 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit ref | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trophic level(s) |
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