| Main Ref. | van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.), 1991 | ||||
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| Distribution |
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| Remarks | Inhabits coastal waters (Ref. 30573), and sandy areas (Ref. 9137). Abundant in shallow water and often caught at the surf-line or in rock pools (Ref. 9987). Larger, solitary fish sometimes enter brackish mangrove areas (Ref. 9987). Juveniles in estuaries move into deeper water with growth (Ref. 4335). Feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly mollusks (Ref. 5213); also on crabs and worms (Ref. 9137) and aquatic macrophytes (Ref. 26055). |
| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand;: rocky; |
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| Substrate Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
| Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
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| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Feeding type ref | van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.), 1991 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit ref | Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral and A. Massinga, 1990 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trophic level(s) |
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