| Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 | ||||
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| Distribution |
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| Remarks | Seasonal migrations may be very extended, the fish in the northern hemisphere moving further northward with increased summer temperatures, and southwards for overwintering and spawning. The reverse pattern generally applies to populations in the southern hemisphere. Feeds on zooplankton such as copepod, krill and small fish (Ref. 39882, 54164) also on feeds on fish, plants and invertebrates (Ref. 9142). |
| Substrate | |
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| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
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| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | Schooling by size starts at 3 cm fish length. School of adults are most structured and compact, schools with Sarda chiliensis, Trachurus symmetricus and Sardinops sagax. |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Feeding type ref | Chavez Solano, D.J., 1976 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit ref | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trophic level(s) |
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