Pungitius laevis (Cuvier, 1829)
Smoothtail ninespine stickleback
Pungitius laevis
photo by Keivany, Y.

 Family:  Gasterosteidae (Sticklebacks and tubesnouts)
 Max. size:  8 cm SL (male/unsexed)
 Environment:  benthopelagic
 Distribution:  Euorope: coastal areas of western Europe from Netherlands to the Garonne drainage (France), Ireland and southern Great Britain.
 Diagnosis:  Dorsal spines (total): 8-10. Distinguished from congeners in Europe by having the following combination of characters: no lateral scutes; no scutes on side of caudal peduncle; dorsal fin with 8-10 spines; and caudal peduncle deeper than wide (Ref. 59043).
 Biology:  Adults inhabit shallow still water with dense vegetation. Feed predominantly on zooplankton, small crustaceans and benthic insects. Spawn for the first time at 1 year of age. Spawning takes place in April-June (Ref. 59043). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205).
 IUCN Red List Status:   (Ref. 96402)
 Threat to humans:  harmless
 Country info:   
 

 Entered by: Sa-a, Pascualita - 05.05.98
 Modified by: Luna, Susan M. - 08.07.11
 Checked by: Froese, Rainer - 14.08.98

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