| Main Ref. | Schuster, W.H., 1960 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | external |
| Mating type | polyandry |
| Spawning frequency | one clear seasonal peak per year |
| Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen, 1966 |
| Reproductive guild |
nonguarders open water/substratum egg scatterers |
| Parental Care | |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Spawns in clear shallow waters above a bottom of sand or coral and at a distance of not more than 30 km from the shore. Females spawn up to 5 million eggs which hatch in about 24 hr. The larvae seek out clear coastal and estuarine waters warmer than 23°C with 10-32 salinity and abundant phytoplankton. Spawning and fertilization take place at night. |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |