| Main Ref. | Nakamura, I., 1985 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | external |
| Mating type | |
| Spawning frequency | Variable throughout range |
| Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Nakamura, I., 1985 |
| Reproductive guild |
nonguarders open water/substratum egg scatterers |
| Parental Care | |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Around Florida in USA, this species often moves inshore into shallow waters where females, swimming sluggishly with their dorsal fins extended and accompanied each by one or more males, may spawn near the surface in the warm season. However, spawning in offshore waters beyond the 100 fathom isobath was also reported from south of Cuba to Carolina, USA. Off southeast Florida, a 33.4 kg female may shed up to 4.8 million eggs in three batches during one spawning season. |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |