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Solea solea  (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common sole
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Image of Solea solea (Common sole)
Solea solea
Picture by Canosa, C. & B.F. Souto

country information

Common names: [No common name]
Occurrence:
Salinity:
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information:
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
National Database:

分類 / Names

Actinopterygii 輻鰭魚綱 (條鰭魚) > Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Soleidae (Soles)
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

欧洲鳎, Sole commune, Lenguado común, ... more

主要參考資料

Desoutter, M. 1992. (Ref. 7395)
 參考文獻 | 文獻記錄 | 合作者 | 合作者

大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Max length : 70.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4710); common length : 35.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5504); 最大體重: 3.0 kg (Ref. 5504); 最大年齡: 26 年 (Ref. 32766)

Length at first maturity
 Lm 30.3  range ? - ? cm

環境

; 海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 150 m (Ref. 35388), usually 10 - 60 m (Ref. 6302)

氣候 / 範圍

8°C - 24°C (Ref. 4944), preferred 16°C (Ref. 107945); 67°N - 17°N, 17°W - 37°E (Ref. 54889)

分布

Eastern Atlantic: southward from Trondheim Fjord (including North Sea and western Baltic) and Mediterranean Sea (including Sea of Marmara, Bosporus and southwestern Black Sea) (Ref. 4710). Elsewhere, southward to Senegal (Ref. 4710), including Cape Verde (Ref. 5304).

 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | 簡介

簡短描述

背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 69-97; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 53 - 80; 脊椎骨: 46 - 52. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval, flat and asymmetric; eyes located on right side of head, except in reversed individuals (Ref. 57416). Upper eye less than its own diameter from dorsal profile of head (Ref. 4710). Anterior nostril on blind side not enlarged (Ref. 4710, 57416), but surrounded by small rim (Ref. 57416). Its distance from front margin of head 1.5-1.9x in its distance from cleft of mouth; anterior nostril on eyed side with backward-pointing tube not or only barely reaching front border of lower eye (Ref. 4710). Preopercle covered by skin and opercle entirely scaled; mouth arched and inferior; dorsal and anal fins lacking spinous rays and united to caudal fin by well-developed membrane, but caudal peduncle distinct; dorsal fin originating on horizontal axis through upper eye; pectoral fin on eyed side asymmetrical, with 7-10 rays, and on blind side slightly shorter; straight part of lateral line visible, supratemporal part slightly arched above eyes; body covered with rectangular ctenoid scales (Ref. 57416).

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Adults occur at a temperature range of 8.0-24.0°C (Ref. 4944). Usually solitary. They burrow into sandy and muddy bottoms. Retreat to deeper water during winter (Ref. 9988). Juveniles are found during the first 2 to 3 years in coastal nurseries (bays and nurseries) before migrating to deeper waters (Ref. 92286). Adults feed on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans at night. Waden sea is the most important nursery area. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Recruitment is very variable. Frequently found pelagically during spawning migrations (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh and frozen; utilized steamed, fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 115185)

  資料不足 (DD) 

對人類具威脅

 



人類使用

漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館

工具

Bio-Quiz | E-book | 野外調查 | 檢索表 | 長度- 頻率 Wizard | 生活- 歷史的工具 | 分布圖 | Classification Tree

特別的報告

查看水族館維護 | 查看魚種資料頁 | 查看水產資料頁

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摘要頁 | 點圖資料 | 俗名 | 相片

網路資源

BHL | 查看其他網站 | 檢查 FishWatcher | CISTI | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO(養殖: 產生; 漁業: 產生, 魚種描繪; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | GenBank(基因組, 核甘) | GOBASE | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | iSpecies | 國家資料庫 | 公眾的水族館 | PubMed | Scirus | 周邊海洋 | SeaLifeBase | 樹狀分類階層 | uBio | uBio RSS | Wikipedia(去, 搜尋) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | 動物學的記錄 | Fishtrace

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
 PD50 = 0.5020 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

營養階層 (Ref. 69278)
 3.2   ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.

回復力 (Ref. 69278)
 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.21-0.33; tm=3-5; tmax=26; Fec=100,000)

瀕危性 (Ref. 59153)
 Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100)
價格種類 (Ref. 80766)
 Very high