Belarus country information

Common names: Trekhiglaja koliushka
Occurrence: native
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Natural range extension from the Baltic Sea basin (Ref. 59054). On the basis of morphological parameters study, Gasterosteus aculeatus could arrive at the Pripyat River basin from the lower Dnieper River. Records in Belarus: Basins of the rivers Neman, Zapadnyi Bug (Fishes: popular encyclopedia 1989); Dnieper River and it tributaries (Zhukov et al. 1986; Fishes: popular encyclopedia 1989; Kunitskiy 2001). Potential ecological impacts: Gasterosteus aculeatus is a typical coarse fish, which competes for food with commercially important fish species and eats roe of the latter. In many waterbodies, threespine stickleback serves as an intermediate host in life cycles of birds' helminthes (Zhukov 1988).
National Checklist:
Country Information: httpss://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Blanc, M., J.-L. Gaudet, P. Banarescu and J.-C. Hureau, 1971
National Database:

Classificação / Names

Actinopterygii (peixes com raios nas barbatanas) > Gasterosteiformes (Sticklebacks and seamoths) > Gasterosteidae (Sticklebacks and tubesnouts)
Nomes comuns | Sinónimos | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

Колюшка трехиглая, Épinoche à trois épines, Espinoso, ... more

Referência principal

Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr. 2011. (Ref. 86798)
Referências | Bibliografia | Coordenador | Colaboradores

Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Max length : 11.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 35388); common length : 5.1 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 1998); Idade máx. registada: 8 anos (Ref. 72489)

Length at first maturity
L_m 5.5 range ? - ? cm

Ambiente

; marinhas; Água doce; estuarina bentopelágico; anádromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 0 - 100 m (Ref. 50550)

Clima / Intervalo

Temperate; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 1672), preferred 7°C (Ref. 107945); 71°N - 26°N, 117°E - 60°E (Ref. 26213)

Distribuição

Circumarctic and temperate regions: Extending south to the Black Sea, southern Italy, Iberian Peninsula, North Africa; in Eastern Asia north of Japan (35°N), in North America north of 30-32°N; Greenland.
Países | Áreas FAO | Ecossistemas | Ocorrências | Introduções

Descrição breve

Espinhos dorsais (total): 2 - 4; Raios dorsais moles (total): 10-14; Espinhos anais 1; Raios anais moles: 8 - 10; Vértebras: 29 - 33. Distinguished uniquely from its congeners in Europe by having trunk and caudal peduncle covered by a complete series of 29-35 bony scutes. Other characters important to separate this species from other species of the genus include posterior edge of scutes crenulated and scutes forming a lateral keel on caudal peduncle. Scutes may be missing on posterior part of trunk in hybrid zone with Gasterosteus gymnurus and in some isolated freshwater populations of northeastern Europe (Ref. 59043). Identified by the 3 to 4 sharp, free spines before the dorsal fin, the pelvic fin reduced to a sharp spine and a small ray, and the series of plates along the sides of the body (Ref. 27547). Gill rakers long and slender, 17 to 25 on the first arch or strictly freshwater forms, 1 or 2 more in anadromous forms; lateral line with microscopic pores (Ref. 27547). The anadromous form is fully plated, with up to 37 plates on the sides and a rather pronounced keel on each side of the caudal peduncle (Ref. 27547). Dorsal spines separated from each other and from the soft-rayed fins, each spine having a reduced membrane attached to its posterior side; anal spine free from rest of the fin; posterior margin of pectorals nearly truncate; caudal truncate to slightly indented (Ref. 27547). Freshwater forms usually mottled brown or greenish; anadromous forms silvery green to bluish black (Ref. 27547). A few isolated populations are black (Ref. 27547). Sides usually pale; belly yellow, white or silvery (Ref. 27547). Fins pale; pectoral rays often have dark dots (Ref. 27547). Breeding males (except for black forms) become brilliant bluish or green with blue or green eyes, and the forward part of the body, especially the breast region, turns bright red or orange (Ref. 27547). Caudal fin with 12 rays (Ref. 2196).

Adults occur in fresh waters, estuaries and coastal seas (Ref. 4119). Anadromous, with numerous non-anadromous populations in brackish or pure freshwater, rarely in marine waters. In the sea, confined to coastal waters. In freshwater, adults prefer to live in small stream but may occur in a variety of habitats including lakes and large rivers (Ref. 59043). Inhabit shallow vegetated areas, usually over mud or sand (Ref. 5723). Form schools. Young associated with drifting seaweed (Ref. 12114, 12115). Juveniles move to the sea (anadromous populations) or to deeper, larger water bodies (freshwater populations) in July-August, forming large feeding schools (Ref. 59043). Feed on worms, crustaceans, larvae and adult aquatic insects, drowned aerial insects, and small fishes; has also been reported to feed on their own fry and eggs (Ref. 1998). Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205). Maximum length in freshwater is 8 cm while in saltwater is 11 cm (Ref. 35388). Occasionally taken commercially in Scandinavia and processed into fishmeal and oil (Ref. 28219, 28964). Commonly used as a laboratory animal (Ref. 1998). A large bibliography is available at www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/1345/stickbibl.html.