Classification / Names
Common names from other countries
Main reference
Size / Weight / Age
Max length : 36.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3397); common length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3397)
Length at first maturity
Lm 14.3 range ? - ? cm
Environment
Marine; demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 350 m (Ref. 26999), usually 0 - 100 m (Ref. 26999)
Climate / Range
Subtropical, preferred 21°C (Ref. 107945); 63°N - 16°S, 26°W - 42°E (Ref. 54286)
Distribution
Eastern Atlantic: Norway to Angola, including the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, and the Sao Tome-Principe Islands. Common from Bay of Biscay to Gibraltar (Ref. 4781). Also found in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions
Short description
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; bait: usually
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index
PD50 = 0.7500 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)
Trophic Level
2.8 ±0.0 se; Based on diet studies.
Resilience
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.16-0.4; tm=1-2; Fec=395,000)
Vulnerability
Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100)
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