Family Gymnotidae - Naked-back knifefishes
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 2 | Species : 40 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : Yes |
Brackish : No |
Marine : No |
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Division |
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Primary freshwater |
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Aquarium |
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some |
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First Fossil Record |
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middle
Tertiary
upper
Miocene |
Ref.. Nelson, J.S. 1994 | |
Remark |
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Naked-back knifefishes are restricted to freshwaters of Central and South America. Body eel-like (compressed or rounded); about 100 vertebrae (31-43 precaudals, Ref. 26457); pelvic girdle and fins absent; dorsal fin absent; anal fin extremely long from near pectorals to near tip of body. Weak electrical charge. Nocturnal fishes, mostly occurring in quiet waters from deep rivers to swamps. May bury themselves in the substrate in strongly flowing waters. Maximum length 60 cm.
Includes now the monotypic Electrophoridae. Maximum length 2.3 m. |
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Etymology |
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Greek, gymnotes, -etos = nudity ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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nonguarders |
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Typical activity level |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Otomorpha | Ostariophysi | Otophysa | Characiphysae | Gymnotiformes | Gymnotoidei | Gymnotidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus fasciatus Pallas, 1769 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
! Gymnotum fasciatum Pallas, 1769 | ambiguous | other | original | |
Gymnotus albus Pallas, 1769 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
! Gymnotum album Pallas, 1769 | ambiguous | other | original | |
Gymnotus brachiurus Bloch, 1786 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus putaol Lacepède, 1800 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus macrourus Cuvier, 1870 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Sternopygus carapus Günther, 1870 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) | accepted | senior | new | |
Carapus inaequilabiatus Valenciennes, 1839 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus pantherinus (Steindachner, 1908) | accepted | senior | new | |
Giton fasciatus pantherinus Steindachner, 1908 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus coatesi La Monte, 1935 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Rhamphichthys cingulatus Brind, 1935 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus cylindricus La Monte, 1935 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus anguillaris Hoedeman, 1962 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus coropinae (non Hoedeman, 1962) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Gymnotus coropinae Hoedeman, 1962 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus cataniapo Mago-Leccia, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus pedanopterus Mago-Leccia, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus stenoleucus Mago-Leccia, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus maculosus Albert & Miller, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus bahianus Campos-da-Paz & Costa, 1996 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus sylvius Albert & Fernandes-Matioli, 1999 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus arapaima Albert & Crampton, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus jonasi Albert & Crampton, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus mamiraua Albert & Crampton, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus melanopleura Albert & Crampton, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus onca Albert & Crampton, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus diamantinensis Campos-da-Paz, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus choco Albert, Crampton & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus esmeraldas Albert & Crampton, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus henni Albert, Crampton & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus javari Albert, Crampton & Hagedorn, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus panamensis Albert & Crampton, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus paraguensis Albert & Crampton, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus tigre Albert & Crampton, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus ucamara Crampton, Lovejoy & Albert, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus ardilai Maldonado-Ocampo & Albert, 2004 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus curupira Crampton, Thorsen & Albert, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus obscurus Crampton, Thorsen & Albert, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus pantanal Fernandes, Albert, Daniel-Silva, Lopes, Crampton & Almeida-Toledo, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus varzea Crampton, Thorsen & Albert, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus chimarrao Cognato, Richer-de-Forges, Albert & Crampton, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus chaviro Maxime & Albert, 2009 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus omarorum Richer-de-Forges, Crampton & Albert, 2009 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus carapo (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Gymnotus tiquie Maxime, Lima & Albert, 2011 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus capanema Milhomem, Crampton, Pierczeka, Shetka, Silva & Nagamachi, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus interruptus Rangel-Pereira, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus capitimaculatus Rangel-Pereira, 2014 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) | accepted | senior | new | |
Gymnotus electricus Linnaeus, 1766 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus tremulus Houttuyn, 1764 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnotus regius Chiaje, 1847 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Electrophorus multivalvulus Nakashima, 1941 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |