Family Lethrinidae - Emperors or scavengers
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 5 | Species : 40 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : No |
Brackish : Yes |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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some |
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First Fossil Record |
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lower
Tertiary
Eocene |
Ref.. Berg, L.S. 1958 | |
Remark |
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Distribution: Tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific (only Lethrinus atlanticus occurs in the Atlantic, off West Africa). Lethrinids are bottom-feeding, carnivorous, coastal fishes, ranging primarily on or near reefs. They typically feed primarily at night on benthic invertebrates or fishes, those with molariform teeth mainly on hard-shelled invertebrates. Lethrinids can be solitary or schooling and do not appear to be territorial. They often form large aggregations for pelagic spawning. Protogynous hermaphroditism (sex reversal from female to male) has been demonstrated in several species of Lethrinus. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 9-10 soft rays. Three spines in anal fin; soft rays 8-10. Accessory subpelvic keel absent. Subocular shelf small. All but the smallest emperors are esteemed food fishes, although an iodoform odor is attributed to individuals of some species when cooked (Ref. 4537). |
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Etymology |
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Greek, lethrinia, a fish pertaining to genus Pagellus |
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Reproductive guild |
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nonguarders |
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Typical activity level |
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normal |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Euacanthomorphacea | Percomorphaceae | Percomorpharia | Spariformes | Lethrinidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Lethrininae | ||||
Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sciaena nebulosa Forsskål, 1775 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Sparus choerorynchus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus choerorynchus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | synonym | junior | new | |
Lethrinus maculatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus erythrurus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus gothofredi Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus korely Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus centurio Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus esculentus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus karwa Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus alboguttatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus fasciatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus fraenatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Lethrinus frenatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | |
Lethrinus cyanoxanthus Richardson, 1843 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus anatarius Richardson, 1845 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus guentheri Bleeker, 1873 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus aurolineatus Macleay, 1882 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus scoparius Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus carinatus Weber, 1913 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus devisianus Whitley, 1929 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus perselectus Whitley, 1933 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus harak (non Forsskål, 1775) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Lethrinus amboinensis (non Bleeker, 1854) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
! Lethtinus fletus (non Whitley, 1943) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sciaena harak Forsskål, 1775 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus azureus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus rhodopterus Bleeker, 1852 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus johnii Castelnau, 1873 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus bonhamensis Günther, 1874 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus papuensis Alleyne & Macleay, 1877 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus bleekeri Klunzinger, 1884 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus mahsena (Forsskål, 1775) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sciaena mahsena Forsskål, 1775 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus caeruleus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus abbreviatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus sanguineus Smith, 1955 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus obsoletus (Forsskål, 1775) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sciaena obsoleta Forsskål, 1775 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Sciaena ramak Forsskål, 1775 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus ramak (Forsskål, 1775) | synonym | junior | new | |
Lethrinus cutambi Seale, 1910 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus miniatus (Forster, 1801) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sparus miniatus Forster, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinella miniata (Forster, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
Lethrinella miniatus (Forster, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
Lethrinus chrysostomus Richardson, 1848 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus imperialis De Vis, 1884 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus amamianus Akazaki, 1962 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepède, 1802) | accepted | senior | new | |
! Letthrinus lentjan (Lacepède, 1802) | synonym | senior | new | |
Bodianus lentjan Lacepède, 1802 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Letherinus lentjanus (Lacepède, 1802) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Letherinus leutjanus (Lacepède, 1802) | synonym | senior | new | |
Lethrinus argenteus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus croceopterus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus cinereus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus mahsenoides Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus opercularis Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus flavescens Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus geniguttatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus virescens Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pentapodus nubilus Cantor, 1849 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Lethrinus nubilis (Cantor, 1849) | synonym | junior | new | |
! Pentapodus nubilis Cantor, 1849 | synonym | junior | original | |
Lethrinus cocosensis Bleeker, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus glyphodon Günther, 1859 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus punctulatus Macleay, 1878 | synonym | junior | original | 1 |
Lethrinus fusciceps Macleay, 1878 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus atlanticus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus borbonicus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus bungus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus mahsenoides (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus erythracanthus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus cinnabarinus Richardson, 1843 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker, 1856 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus erythropterus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus striatus Steindachner, 1866 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker, 1873 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus genivittatus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus nematacanthus Bleeker, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus microdon Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinella microdon (Valenciennes, 1830) | synonym | senior | new | |
Lethrinus elongatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus acutus Klunzinger, 1884 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus olivaceus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus rostratus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus waigiensis Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1830 | ambiguous | questionable | original | 2 |
Lethrinus longirostris Playfair, 1867 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus rostratus specificus Borodin, 1932 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus elongatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus miniatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Lethrinus ornatus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus xanthotaenia Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus insulindicus Bleeker, 1873 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Lethtinus erythrurus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Lethrinus reticulatus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Lethrinus reticularis Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | senior | original | |
Lethrinus semicinctus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus sordidus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus moensii Bleeker, 1855 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus reticulatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus variegatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus variegatus Valenciennes, 1830 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinella variegata (Valenciennes, 1830) | synonym | senior | new | |
Lethrinella variegatus (Valenciennes, 1830) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Lethrinus variagatus Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Lethrinus variegates Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | senior | original | |
Lethrinus latifrons Rüppell, 1838 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus miniatus (non Forster, 1801) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Lethrinus semicinctus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus haematopterus Temminck & Schlegel, 1844 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus richardsonii Günther, 1859 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Lethrinus richardsoni Günther, 1859 | synonym | junior | original | |
Lethrinus genivittatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Gymnocranius griseus (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Lethrinus kallopterus (non Bleeker, 1856) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus amboinensis Bleeker, 1854 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus xanthochilus Klunzinger, 1870 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinella xanthochila (Klunzinger, 1870) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Lethrinella xanthocheilus (Klunzinger, 1870) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Lethrinus xanthocheilus Klunzinger, 1870 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Lethrinus xantochilus Klunzinger, 1870 | synonym | senior | original | |
Lethrinus microdon (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus variegatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus laticaudis Alleyne & Macleay, 1877 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Lethrinus lacticaudis Alleyne & Macleay, 1877 | synonym | senior | original | |
Lethrinus fletus Whitley, 1943 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus anarhynchus Postel, 1965 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus fraenatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Lethrinus atkinson Seale, 1910 | synonym | senior | original | |
Lethrinus mahsena (non Forsskål, 1775) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Lethrinus mahsenoides (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus sanguineus (non Smith, 1955) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus conchyliatus (Smith, 1959) | accepted | senior | new | |
Lethrinella conchyliatus Smith, 1959 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Lethrinus concyliatus (Smith, 1959) | synonym | senior | new | |
Lethrinus floridus Wheeler, 1961 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus miniatus (non Forster, 1801) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Lethrinus crocineus Smith, 1959 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus hypselopterus (non Bleeker, 1873) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Lethrinus enigmaticus Smith, 1959 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato, 1978 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinella variegatus (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Lethrinus ravus Carpenter & Randall, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus sp. 2 Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Monotaxinae | ||||
Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sciaena grandoculis Forsskål, 1775 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Monotaxis grandocculis (Forsskål, 1775) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Monotaxis grandocularis (Forsskål, 1775) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Monotaxis grandoculus (Forsskål, 1775) | synonym | senior | new | |
Monotaxis indica Anonymous [Bennett], 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Lethrinus latidens Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pagrus heterodon Bleeker, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius grandoculis (Valenciennes, 1830) | accepted | senior | new | |
Cantharus grandoculis Valenciennes, 1830 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Gymnocranium grandoculis (Valenciennes, 1830) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Gymnocranius grandocculis (Valenciennes, 1830) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Gymnocranius grandoculus (Valenciennes, 1830) | synonym | senior | new | |
Dentex rivulatus Rüppell, 1838 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius rivulatus (Rüppell, 1838) | synonym | junior | new | |
Dentex lethrinoides Bleeker, 1850 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius lethrinoides (Bleeker, 1850) | synonym | junior | new | |
Pentapus dux Valenciennes, 1862 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pentapus curtus Guichenot, 1863 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Dentex robinsoni Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius robinsoni (Gilchrist & Thompson, 1909) | synonym | junior | new | |
Paradentex marshalli Whitley, 1936 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius ruppellii Smith, 1941 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius griseus (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Gymnocranius griseus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | accepted | senior | new | |
Dentex griseus Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Gymnocranius griserus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | synonym | senior | new | |
Lobotes microprion Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius orbis Fowler, 1938 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius grandoculis (non Valenciennes, 1830) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Gymnocranius microdon (Bleeker, 1851) | accepted | senior | new | |
Dentex microdon Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Gymnocranium microdon (Bleeker, 1851) | synonym | senior | new | |
Gymnocranius frenatus Bleeker, 1873 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius euanus (Günther, 1879) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sphaerodon euanus Günther, 1879 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Monotaxis affinis Whitley, 1943 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius japonicus Akazaki, 1961 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius audleyi Ogilby, 1916 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius bitorquatus Cockerell, 1916 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius elongatus Senta, 1973 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Gymnocranius elongates Senta, 1973 | synonym | senior | original | |
Gymnocranius oblongus Borsa, Béarez & Chen, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius satoi Borsa, Béarez, Paijo & Chen, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius superciliosus Borsa, Béarez, Paijo & Chen, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gymnocranius sp. Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Gymnocranius sp. B Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Gymnocranius griseus (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Gnathodentex aureolineatus (Lacepède, 1802) | accepted | senior | new | |
Sparus aureolineatus Lacepède, 1802 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Gnathodentex aurilineatus (Lacepède, 1802) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Gnathodentex aurolinaetus (Lacepède, 1802) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lacepède, 1802) | synonym | senior | new | |
Dentex lycogenis Bennett, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gnathodentex oculomaculatus Herre, 1935 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Gnathodentex ocumaculatus Herre, 1935 | synonym | junior | original | |
Wattsia mossambica (Smith, 1957) | accepted | senior | new | |
Gnathodentex mossambicus Smith, 1957 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Wattsia mossambicus (Smith, 1957) | synonym | senior | new |