Family Pinguipedidae - Sandperches
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 7 | Species : 83 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : Yes |
Brackish : Yes |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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none |
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First Fossil Record |
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Remark |
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Distribution: Atlantic side of South America and Africa, Indo-Pacific (as far down to New Zealand, to Hawaii and off Chile). Pelvic fin insertion below or before pectoral base. Truncate to deeply lunate caudal fin. Branched rays in caudal fin 13-15. Dorsal fin with 4-5 spines and 19-26 soft rays. Benthic carnivores of small invertebrates and fishes. Protogynous hermaphrodites; territorial and haremic; pelagic spawners (Ref. 7463). |
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Etymology |
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Latin, pinguis = fat, + Greek, pous = foot ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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nonguarders |
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Typical activity level |
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normal |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Euacanthomorphacea | Percomorphaceae | Percomorpharia | Uranoscopiformes | Pinguipedidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pinguipes fasciatus Jenyns, 1840 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Neopercis atlanticus meridionalis Carvalho, 1956 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pinguipes chilensis Valenciennes, 1833 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pseudopercis chilensis (Valenciennes, 1833) | synonym | senior | new | |
Esox chilensis (non Molina, 1782) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Mugiloides chilensis (non Lacepède, 1803) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Parapercis cylindrica (Bloch, 1792) | accepted | senior | new | |
Parapercis sp. 2 Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Sciaena cylindrica Bloch, 1792 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis cylindrical (Bloch, 1792) | synonym | senior | new | |
Chilias synaphodesmus Fowler, 1946 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis colias (Forster, 1801) | accepted | senior | new | |
Enchelyopus colias Forster, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis maculata Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis pulchella (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Percis pulchella (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis tetracantha (Lacepède, 1801) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrus tetracanthus Lacepède, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Percis cancellata Cuvier, 1816 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis cancellata (Cuvier, 1816) | synonym | junior | new | |
Parapercis nebulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis nebulosa Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Percis emeryana Richardson, 1842 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis emeryana (Richardson, 1842) | synonym | junior | new | |
Neosillago marmorata Castelnau, 1875 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis hexophtalma (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis hexophtalma Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis hexophthalama (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Parapercis hexophthalma (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Percis hexophthalma Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | |
Percis cylindrica Rüppell, 1828 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Percis polyophtalma Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis polyophtalma (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | junior | new | |
! Parapercis polyophthalma (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | junior | new | |
! Parapercis polyopthalma (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | junior | new | |
! Percis polyophthalma Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original | |
Percis caudimaculata Rüppell, 1838 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis punctata (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis punctata Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis guezei Fourmanoir, 1966 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis punctulata (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis punctulata Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis bivittata Schultz, 1968 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis trispilota Schultz, 1968 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis punctata (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Parapercis pulchella (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis pulchella Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis sexfasciata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis sexfasciata Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Neopercis sexfasciata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | synonym | senior | new | |
Parapercis xanthozona (Bleeker, 1849) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis xanthozona Bleeker, 1849 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Neopercis xanthozona (Bleeker, 1849) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Parapercis xanthosoma (Bleeker, 1849) | synonym | senior | new | |
Parapercis millepunctata (Günther, 1860) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis millepunctata Günther, 1860 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis millipunctata (Günther, 1860) | synonym | senior | new | |
Percis cephalopunctatus Seale, 1901 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis cephalopunctata (Seale, 1901) | synonym | junior | new | |
Parapercis montillai Martin & Montalban, 1935 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis alboguttata (Günther, 1872) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis alboguttata Günther, 1872 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Percis smithii Regan, 1905 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis smithii (Regan, 1905) | synonym | junior | new | |
Neopercis tesselata Herre, 1951 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis tesselata (Herre, 1951) | synonym | junior | new | |
Parapercis elongata Fourmanoir, 1965 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis cephalus Kotthaus, 1977 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis allporti (Günther, 1876) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis allporti Günther, 1876 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis naevosa Serventy, 1937 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis filamentosa (Steindachner, 1878) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis filamentosa Steindachner, 1878 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis hainanensis Lin, 1933 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis longifilis Herre, 1944 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis gilliesii (Hutton, 1879) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis gilliesii Hutton, 1879 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis gilliesi (Hutton, 1879) | synonym | senior | new | |
Parapercis ramsayi (Steindachner, 1883) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis ramsayi Steindachner, 1883 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis aurantiaca Döderlein, 1884 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis aurantica Döderlein, 1884 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parapercis haackei (Steindachner, 1884) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis haackei Steindachner, 1884 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis multifasciata Döderlein, 1884 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis multifasciatus Döderlein, 1884 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parapercis stricticeps (De Vis, 1884) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis stricticeps De Vis, 1884 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis atlantica (Vaillant, 1887) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis atlantica Vaillant, 1887 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Neopercis ledanoisi Cadenat, 1937 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis schauinslandii (Steindachner, 1900) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis schauinslandii Steindachner, 1900 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis schauinslandi (Steindachner, 1900) | synonym | senior | new | |
Parapercis pulchella (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Parapercis ommatura Jordan & Snyder, 1902 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Cilias ommatura (Jordan & Snyder, 1902) | synonym | senior | new | |
Parapercis binivirgata (Waite, 1904) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis binivirgata Waite, 1904 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis roseoviridis (Gilbert, 1905) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis roseoviridis Gilbert, 1905 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis snyderi Jordan & Starks, 1905 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis clathrata Ogilby, 1910 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Bodianus tetracanthus Lacepède, 1802 | ambiguous | homonym | original | 2 |
Parapercis tetracantha (Lacepède, 1802) | ambiguous | homonym | new | |
! Parapercis tetracanthus (Lacepède, 1802) | ambiguous | homonym | new | |
Percis quadrispinosus Weber, 1913 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis quadrispinosa (Weber, 1913) | synonym | junior | new | |
Percis quadrispinosa Weber, 1913 | synonym | junior | original | |
! Parapercis quadrispinosus (Weber, 1913) | synonym | junior | new | |
Parapercis decemfasciata (Franz, 1910) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis decemfasciata Franz, 1910 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis macrophthalma (Pietschmann, 1911) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis macrophthalma Pietschmann, 1911 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis striolata (Weber, 1913) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis striolata Weber, 1913 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Neopercis mimaseana Kamohara, 1937 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis mimaseana (Kamohara, 1937) | synonym | junior | new | |
Parapercis muronis (Tanaka, 1918) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis muronis Tanaka, 1918 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis robinsoni Fowler, 1929 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis nebulosa (non Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Percis nebulosa (non Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis okamurai Kamohara, 1960 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis kamoharai Schultz, 1966 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis simulata Schultz, 1968 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis somaliensis Schultz, 1968 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis dockinsi McCosker, 1971 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis dockinski McCosker, 1971 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parapercis biordinis Allen, 1976 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis flavescens Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis diplospilus Gomon, 1981 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Parapercis diplospila Gomon, 1981 | synonym | senior | original | |
Parapercis multiplicata Randall, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis signata Randall, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis fuscolineata Fourmanoir, 1985 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis maritzi Anderson, 1992 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis multifasciata (non Döderlein, 1884) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis colemani Randall & Francis, 1993 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis sp. Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Parapercis rufa Randall, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis rosea Fourmanoir, 1985 | ambiguous | homonym | original | 2 |
Parapercis lata Randall & McCosker, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis australis Randall, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis cylindrica (non Bloch, 1792) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Parapercis lineopunctata Randall, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis sp. 1 Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Parapercis banoni Randall & Yamakawa, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis roseoviridis (non Gilbert, 1905) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Parapercis flavolabiata Johnson, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis phenax Randall & Yamakawa, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis roseoviridis (non Gilbert, 1905) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Parapercis sexlorata Johnson, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis pacifica Imamura & Yoshino, 2007 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis hexophtalma (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Percis caudimaculata (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
! Cilias hexophthalma (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
! Parapercis hexophthalma (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
! Parapercis polyophthalma (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
! Percis hexophthalma (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis queenslandica Imamura & Yoshino, 2007 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis xanthogramma Imamura & Yoshino, 2007 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis albipinna Randall, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis basimaculata Randall, Senou & Yoshino, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis compressa Randall, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis somaliensis (non Schultz, 1968) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis diagonalis Randall, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis flavolineata Randall, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis katoi Randall, Senou & Yoshino, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis natator Randall, Senou & Yoshino, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis shaoi Randall, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis somaliensis (non Schultz, 1968) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis vittafrons Randall, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis bicoloripes Prokofiev, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis sp. 1 Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Parapercis randalli Ho & Shao, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis lutevittata Liao, Cheng & Shao, 2011 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis bimacula Allen & Erdmann, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis pariomaculata Johnson & White, 2012 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Parapercis kentingensis Ho, Chang & Shao, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis somaliensis (non Schultz, 1968) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis shaoi (non Randall, 2008) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Parapercis maramara Sparks & Baldwin, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis rubromaculata Ho, Chang & Shao, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis sagma Allen & Erdmann, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis albiventer Ho, Heemstra & Imamura, 2014 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis xanthozona (non Bleeker, 1849) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Prolatilus jugularis (Valenciennes, 1833) | accepted | senior | new | |
Latilus jugularis Valenciennes, 1833 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Parapercis chilensis Norman, 1937 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Porteridia chilensis (Norman, 1937) | synonym | junior | new | |
Pseudopercis numida Miranda Ribeiro, 1903 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Mugiloides numida (Miranda Ribeiro, 1903) | synonym | senior | new | |
Pseudopercis semifasciata (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Percis semifasciata Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Pseudopercis semifasciatus (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
Pinguipes somnambula Berg, 1895 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Mugiloides somnambula (Berg, 1895) | synonym | junior | new | |
Pseudopercis somnambula (Berg, 1895) | synonym | junior | new | |
! Pinguipes somunambula Berg, 1895 | synonym | junior | original | |
Kochichthys flavofasciatus (Kamohara, 1936) | accepted | senior | new | |
Neopercis flavofasciata Kamohara, 1936 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Kochichthys flavofasciata (Kamohara, 1936) | synonym | senior | new | |
Simipercis trispinosa Johnson & Randall, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Ryukyupercis gushikeni (Yoshino, 1975) | accepted | senior | new | |
Parapercis gushikeni Yoshino, 1975 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |