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Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae

Environment / Climate / Range Ecology

Marine; demersal; depth range 27 - 364 m (Ref. 5951), usually 36 - 91 m (Ref. 5951). Temperate, preferred 7°C (Ref. 107945); 54°N - 37°N

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Northwest Atlantic: southern Labrador, Canada to Chesapeake Bay, USA.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 29.8 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 64.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251); max. published weight: 1.5 kg (Ref. 9988); max. reported age: 12 years (Ref. 6286)

Adults inhabit sandy to muddy bottoms (Ref. 7251). Prefer depths of 37 to 82 m at temperatures of 3-5°C (Ref. 6263). Feed mainly on polychaete worms and amphipods, shrimps, isopods and other crustaceans and occasionally small fish such as sand lance and capelin (Ref. 12232). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Marketed fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, fried, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Amaoka, Kunio | Collaborators

Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998. Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification. Fish. Bull. 96(4):686-726. (Ref. 30193)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Vulnerable (VU) (A1bd)

CITES (Ref. 94142)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental

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Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805): PD₅₀ = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00447 - 0.01861), b=3.09 (2.92 - 3.26), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278): 3.3 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.

Resilience (Ref. 69278): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (rm=0.69; K=0.3; tm=2-6; tmax=12).

Prior r = 0.5, 2 SD range = 0.25 - 0.99, log(r) = -0.69, SD log(r) = 0.35, Based on: 16 tgen, 1 tmax, 3 Fec records

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100) .

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839)