Environment / Climate / Range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 10 - 100 m. Subtropical, preferred ?; 37°N - 10°N, 98°W - 73°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to southern Florida in the USA and the entire Gulf of Mexico.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3815)
Found mainly on sedimentary bottoms from 10 and 100 m depth.
Sex reversal, from female to male, occurs primarily at 18-25 cm FL (Ref. 5878).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03467 (0.01972 - 0.06095), b=2.96 (2.81 - 3.11), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.0 se; Based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
69278): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.23; tmax=12; tm=1; Fec=>30,000).
Prior r = 0.64, 2 SD range = 0.43 - 0.96, log(r) = -0.45, SD log(r) = 0.2, Based on: 1 M, 1 K, 2 tgen, 1 tmax, 2 Fec records
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100) .