Actinopterygii (peixes com raios nas barbatanas) >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Engraulidae (Anchovies) > Engraulinae
Etymology: Engraulis: Greek, eggraulis, -eos = anchovy (Ref. 45335).
Ambiente / Clima / Intervalo
Ecologia
; marinhas; estuarina; oceanódromos (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 0 - 400 m (Ref. 2683). Subtropical, preferred 21°C (Ref. 107945); 62°N - 37°S, 18°W - 42°E (Ref. 54230)
Eastern Atlantic: Bergen, Norway to East London, South Africa (perhaps reaching Durban) (Ref. 10000). Also all of Mediterranean, Black and Azov seas, with stray individuals in Suez Canal and Gulf of Suez; also recorded from St. Helena (Ref. 189). Reported from Estonia (Ref. 33247).
Length at first maturity / Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturity: Lm 9.7, range 9 - 14 cm
Max length : 20.0 cm SL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 189); common length : 13.5 cm SL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 189); Peso máx. publicado: 0.00 g; Idade máx. registada: 5 anos (Ref. 92145)
Espinhos dorsais (total): 0; Raios dorsais (total): 16-18; Espinhos anais 0; Raios anais : 13 - 15; Vértebras: 46 - 47. Snout pointed; maxilla short, tip blunt, reaching almost to front border of pre-operculum, not projecting beyond tip of second supra-maxilla; tip of lower jaw reaching almost to below nostril. Gill rakers present on hind face of third epibranchial. Pseudobranch longer than eye, reaching onto inner face of operculum. A silver stripe along flank, disappearing with age.
Mainly a coastal marine species, forming large schools. Tolerates salinities of 5-41 ppt and in some areas, enters lagoons, estuaries and lakes, especially during spawning. Tends to move further north and into surface waters in summer, retreating and descending in winter. Feeds on planktonic organisms. Spawns from April to November with peaks usually in the warmest months. Eggs are ellipsoidal to oval, floating in the upper 50 m and hatching in 24-65 hours. Marketed fresh, dried, smoked, canned and frozen; made into fish meal (Ref. 9987).
Pelagic spawners. Gametogenesis is continuous, multiple spawning. Spawning peaks are usually in the warmer months which makes this species a spring-summer spawner. The limits of the spawning season is dependent on temperature and is therefore more restricted in northern areas. Sex ratio: 45% female (Ref. 5580).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
Status na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Perigo para os humanos
Harmless
Uso pelos humanos
Pescarias: altamente comercial; isca: usually
Ferramentas
Relatórios especiais
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Fontes da internet
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00468 (0.00420 - 0.00521), b=3.10 (3.07 - 3.13), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.36 se; Based on food items.
Resiliência (Ref.
69278): Médio, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (K=0.3-1.73; tmax=6; Fec =13,000-503,000).
Prior r = 0.55, 2 SD range = 0.26 - 1.16, log(r) = -0.6, SD log(r) = 0.37, Based on: 3 M, 43 K, 15 tgen, 8 tmax, 25 Fec records
Vulnerabilidade (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100) .
